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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mukherjee, N.; Dahdouh-Guebas, F.; Kapoor, V.; Arthur, R.; +3 Authors

    More than half a decade has passed since the December 26th 2004 tsunami hit the Indian coast leaving a trail of ecological, economic and human destruction in its wake. We reviewed the coastal ecological research carried out in India in the light of the tsunami. In addition, we also briefly reviewed the ecological research in other tsunami affected countries in Asia namely Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives in order to provide a broader perspective of ecological research after tsunami. A basic search in ISI Web of Knowledge using keywords “tsunami” and “India” resulted in 127 peer reviewed journal articles, of which 39 articles were pertaining to ecological sciences. In comparison, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives had, respectively, eight, four, 21 and two articles pertaining to ecology. In India, bioshields received the major share of scientific interest (14 out of 39) while only one study (each) was dedicated to corals, seagrasses, seaweeds and meiofauna, pointing to the paucity of research attention dedicated to these critical ecosystems. We noted that very few interdisciplinary studies looked at linkages between pure/applied sciences and the social sciences in India. In addition, there appears to be little correlation between the limited research that was done and its influence on policy in India. This review points to gap areas in ecological research in India and highlights the lessons learnt from research in other tsunami affected countries. It also provides guidance on the links between science and policy that are required for effective coastal zone management.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Open Marine Archivearrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    DI-fusion
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Open Marine Archivearrow_drop_down
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      DI-fusion
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Patrick Martin; Boudewijn Goddeeris; Koen Martens;

    In the course of a preliminary sampling program, oligochaetes were collected along two transects in soft sediments in Lake Baikal. The number of oligochaetes present in the samples was counted, without distinguishing between species. The results suggest an exponential decrease in number of individuals (N) relative to depth (11,165 N m-2 at 21 m, 265 N m-2 at 1200 m). Most oligochaetes were found in the top 7 cm of sediment. The orange colour of the sediments suggests a high oxygen availability, even at the greatest water depths.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 1994 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 1994 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Urgeles, Roger; De Mol, Ben; De Batist, M.; Hughes-Clarke, John E.;

    A field of sediment waves on the Llobregat River prodelta, Catalonia, Spain, is examined using high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and seismic reflection profiles. The sediment waves develop on the prodelta front on slope gradients between 3° and 0.2°, within the Late-Holocene highstand mud wedge. Their characteristics and the most likely process at the origin of these structures are evaluated Peer Reviewed 6 pages

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Recolector de Cienci...arrow_drop_down
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Siemes, K. (author); Snellen, M. (author); Simons, D.G. (author); Hermand, J.P. (author);

    Shallow water naval operations require detailed knowledge of the environmental characteristics. In this context, the BP’07 experiment was carried out in the Mediterranean Sea, south-east of Elba Island, in 2007. Measurements that were taken during this experiment employ a large set of sensors, thereby providing all information required to fully describe the environment. Water depths as measured by multi beam echo sounders (MBES) are found to range from 0 to about 130 meter. The finescale topography reveals that areas of different bottom morphology are present. Information about the physical sediment properties is obtained by bottom grab samples. They indicate the seafloor in the area to be composed of very fine-grained sediments with mean grain sizes ranging from 0.5 to 8 micrometer. In addition, the MBES also allows for classifying the seafloor. The MBES classification approach taken discriminates between sediments in the most optimal way by applying the Bayes decision rule for multiple hypotheses. It employs the MBES backscatter data, averaged per beam, which are assumed to be normally distributed. For shallow water situations, this assumption no longer holds due to the limited number of independent scatter pixels in the beam footprint. Averaging over a series of pings has been applied to restore this assumption. The application of the method results in a map of the acoustic classes in this area, indicating the presence of four different seafloor types. A comparison with other results indicates a correlation between seafloor type and the presence of specific bottom features. Remote Sensing Aerospace Engineering

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCIS; TU Delft Rep...arrow_drop_down
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    Conference object . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ NARCIS; TU Delft Rep...arrow_drop_down
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      Conference object . 2009 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: L Van Damme; J. De Rouck; P. Mathys;

    At the design stage of the breakwaters of Zeebrugge harbor 30 years ago, erosion around the western breakwater was expected. Hence, the design was modified in order to account for the long term scouring nearby the toe of the breakwater. By extending the willow mattresses and setting up a monitoring program with alarm- and limit lines, the scouring was expected to stabilize at an acceptable level, thus guaranteeing the geotechnical stability of the breakwater. Bathymetric soundings of the last 20 years were digitized in order to examine the evolution of the scouring. As expected, steep slopes were detected at the willow mattresses, but the limit line was not exceeded. It is concluded that the extensions of the willow mattresses was and still is a very effective and straightforward methodology to keep the scouring at an acceptable level, and hence guaranteeing the geotechnical stability of the breakwater.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Oleg Khlystov; E. E. Kononov; A.V. Khabuev; O. V. Belousov; +3 Authors

    Abstract Detailed geological and geophysical investigations of the underwater topography of Lake Baikal, based on single-channel high-resolution seismic profiling and bathymetric survey using an ELAC SeaBeam 1050 multibeam echosounder, as well as the data obtained during diving of MIR deep-sea manned underwater submersibles determined the morphological characteristics of the Posolsky Bank and Kukuy Griva elevations suggesting that their elevated parts represent fragments of the once common delta surface of the Selenga River. The current relief of these structures resulted from the joint activity of tectonic and underwater erosive processes. Sediments at the base of the slope of the Kukuy Griva are likely to be no older than 1.8 Ma.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Russian Geology and ...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Russian Geology and Geophysics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Russian Geology and ...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Russian Geology and Geophysics
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: M. Vanneste; Brian Carlton; Finn Løvholt; Carl Fredrik Forsberg; +5 Authors

    Summary The Norwegian government will replace many ferry crossings along the coastal highway E39 with bridges or tunnels. Geophysical data from most fjords show ample evidence of repeated slope instabilities, which are a hazard and risk for the foundations of the infrastructure. The fjords are often several km wide, and hundreds of metres deep. In this study, we combined very-high-resolution swath bathymetry and sub-bottom profiling data as well as in situ geotechnical data to investigate the hazard potential of such landslides in Bjornafjorden. We used a 1D slope stability screening study to find suitable anchoring locations. Back-analysis of a well-constrained landslide using a geometry reconstructed from the interpretation of the geophysical data and validated by 2D finite-element slope stability modelling provides key input to constrain the rheological parameters. The results were then used to assess slope stability across the fjord basin, as well as landslide dynamic simulations in quasi-2D and quasi-3D, resulting in flow velocities above 10 m/s and run-out distances of several hundreds of meters. The work concludes with some recommendations for similar investigation and site characterization.

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    Authors: Deruyter, Greet; Vanhaelst, Marc; Stal, Cornelis; Glas, Hanne; +1 Authors

    Although acoustic measurements are a wide-spread technique in the field of bathymetry, most systems require a water depth of at least 2 m. Furthermore, mapping shallow-water depths with acoustic techniques is expensive and complicated. Over the last decades, the use of laser scanning for mapping riverbeds has increased. However, the level of accuracy and the point density which can be obtained by Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), and Airborne Laser Bathymetry (ALB) in particular, are not as high as those of terrain measurements originating from ALS. Moreover, ALS and ALB are not yet suited for mapping shallow-water beds. Therefore, more recent research focuses on the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) from either a fixed or static position (STLS) or from a mobile platform (MTLS). An obvious advantage of using STLS and MTLS is that both the river beds and the river banks can be modelled by means of the same data acquisition system. This ensures a seamless integration of data sets describing both dry and wet surfaces, and thus of topography and bathymetry. However, although STLS and MTLS have the potential to produce high resolution point clouds of shallow-water riverbeds and - banks, the resulting point clouds have to be corrected for the systematic errors in depth and distance that are caused by the refraction of the laser beam at its transition through the boundary of air and water. In this research a procedure was implemented to adjust the coordinates of every point situated beneath the water surface, based on the refractive index. The refractive index depends on the wavelength of the laser beam and the properties of the media the beam travels through. The refractive index for a laser beam with a wavelength of 532 nm varies by less than 1% for a wide range of temperature and salinity conditions. Nevertheless, during the case studies, it became clear that it is important to use an estimate of the refractive index which approaches the actual value as closely as possible in order to obtain accuracies of less than 1 to 2 cm. Therefore, the refractive index was determined for each specific case by using water samples.

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    https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem20...
    Conference object . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY SA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem20...
      Conference object . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY SA
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  • Authors: Qunyan Ren; Jean-Pierre Hermand;

    As part of ECOAO 13 acoustic fisheries survey off Senegalese coast, geoacoustic measurements were performed by deploying a newly-designed vector sensor array to record the noise field generated by N/O Antea survey ship. This paper describes the application of a particle filter (PF) to estimate sequentially bottom geoacoustic parameters during the ship passage. The PF estimates the parameters by constructing their posterior probability density functions (PDFs) using a set of weighted particles. The PDF embodies all available statistical information and provide a complete solution to the estimation problem, from which the optimal solution and its associated confidence can be derived. In this paper, the acoustical observables are the range-varying amplitudes of vertical impedance at multiple frequencies, as measured from different pairs of array elements and sequentially processed by the PF. The obtained PDFs demonstrate that the PF approach provides performance similar to that of global optimization, suggesting that the bottom can be well described acoustically as a half space of sand sediment. This is in good agreement with a Log-Probit interpretation of sieving data from surface grab samples taken at the same location as the acoustic data. The combination of mobile compact array and particle filtering appears to be well suited for environmental mapping of coastal areas with space-or time-varying bathymetry.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Patrick Martin; Boudewijn Goddeeris; Koen Martens;

    SUMMARY  Microprofiles of oxygen concentration were made in soft sediments of Lake Baikal, along three transects near the Selenga delta. This is the first time the available oxygen in the sediment has been measured in this lake.  The microprofiles had a similar and typical shape (a single exception was possibly caused by bioturbation). A positive correlation was found between the sediment oxygen penetration depth (SOP) and the bathymetric depth of the epilimnion, probably caused by a decrease in oxygen sediment consumption with increasing depth.  The observed SOP values are generally very high, which is an indication of oligotrophy. A single low SOP value, observed in the northern transect, appears to be linked to organic pollution caused by the Selenga River.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Freshwater Biologyarrow_drop_down
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    Freshwater Biology
    Article . 1993 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Freshwater Biologyarrow_drop_down
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      Freshwater Biology
      Article . 1993 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Mukherjee, N.; Dahdouh-Guebas, F.; Kapoor, V.; Arthur, R.; +3 Authors

    More than half a decade has passed since the December 26th 2004 tsunami hit the Indian coast leaving a trail of ecological, economic and human destruction in its wake. We reviewed the coastal ecological research carried out in India in the light of the tsunami. In addition, we also briefly reviewed the ecological research in other tsunami affected countries in Asia namely Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives in order to provide a broader perspective of ecological research after tsunami. A basic search in ISI Web of Knowledge using keywords “tsunami” and “India” resulted in 127 peer reviewed journal articles, of which 39 articles were pertaining to ecological sciences. In comparison, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Maldives had, respectively, eight, four, 21 and two articles pertaining to ecology. In India, bioshields received the major share of scientific interest (14 out of 39) while only one study (each) was dedicated to corals, seagrasses, seaweeds and meiofauna, pointing to the paucity of research attention dedicated to these critical ecosystems. We noted that very few interdisciplinary studies looked at linkages between pure/applied sciences and the social sciences in India. In addition, there appears to be little correlation between the limited research that was done and its influence on policy in India. This review points to gap areas in ecological research in India and highlights the lessons learnt from research in other tsunami affected countries. It also provides guidance on the links between science and policy that are required for effective coastal zone management.

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    DI-fusion
    Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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      DI-fusion
      Article . 2010 . Peer-reviewed
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  • Authors: Patrick Martin; Boudewijn Goddeeris; Koen Martens;

    In the course of a preliminary sampling program, oligochaetes were collected along two transects in soft sediments in Lake Baikal. The number of oligochaetes present in the samples was counted, without distinguishing between species. The results suggest an exponential decrease in number of individuals (N) relative to depth (11,165 N m-2 at 21 m, 265 N m-2 at 1200 m). Most oligochaetes were found in the top 7 cm of sediment. The orange colour of the sediments suggests a high oxygen availability, even at the greatest water depths.

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 1994 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 1994 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Urgeles, Roger; De Mol, Ben; De Batist, M.; Hughes-Clarke, John E.;

    A field of sediment waves on the Llobregat River prodelta, Catalonia, Spain, is examined using high-resolution multibeam bathymetry and seismic reflection profiles. The sediment waves develop on the prodelta front on slope gradients between 3° and 0.2°, within the Late-Holocene highstand mud wedge. Their characteristics and the most likely process at the origin of these structures are evaluated Peer Reviewed 6 pages

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    https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Siemes, K. (author); Snellen, M. (author); Simons, D.G. (author); Hermand, J.P. (author);

    Shallow water naval operations require detailed knowledge of the environmental characteristics. In this context, the BP’07 experiment was carried out in the Mediterranean Sea, south-east of Elba Island, in 2007. Measurements that were taken during this experiment employ a large set of sensors, thereby providing all information required to fully describe the environment. Water depths as measured by multi beam echo sounders (MBES) are found to range from 0 to about 130 meter. The finescale topography reveals that areas of different bottom morphology are present. Information about the physical sediment properties is obtained by bottom grab samples. They indicate the seafloor in the area to be composed of very fine-grained sediments with mean grain sizes ranging from 0.5 to 8 micrometer. In addition, the MBES also allows for classifying the seafloor. The MBES classification approach taken discriminates between sediments in the most optimal way by applying the Bayes decision rule for multiple hypotheses. It employs the MBES backscatter data, averaged per beam, which are assumed to be normally distributed. For shallow water situations, this assumption no longer holds due to the limited number of independent scatter pixels in the beam footprint. Averaging over a series of pings has been applied to restore this assumption. The application of the method results in a map of the acoustic classes in this area, indicating the presence of four different seafloor types. A comparison with other results indicates a correlation between seafloor type and the presence of specific bottom features. Remote Sensing Aerospace Engineering

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  • Authors: L Van Damme; J. De Rouck; P. Mathys;

    At the design stage of the breakwaters of Zeebrugge harbor 30 years ago, erosion around the western breakwater was expected. Hence, the design was modified in order to account for the long term scouring nearby the toe of the breakwater. By extending the willow mattresses and setting up a monitoring program with alarm- and limit lines, the scouring was expected to stabilize at an acceptable level, thus guaranteeing the geotechnical stability of the breakwater. Bathymetric soundings of the last 20 years were digitized in order to examine the evolution of the scouring. As expected, steep slopes were detected at the willow mattresses, but the limit line was not exceeded. It is concluded that the extensions of the willow mattresses was and still is a very effective and straightforward methodology to keep the scouring at an acceptable level, and hence guaranteeing the geotechnical stability of the breakwater.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Oleg Khlystov; E. E. Kononov; A.V. Khabuev; O. V. Belousov; +3 Authors

    Abstract Detailed geological and geophysical investigations of the underwater topography of Lake Baikal, based on single-channel high-resolution seismic profiling and bathymetric survey using an ELAC SeaBeam 1050 multibeam echosounder, as well as the data obtained during diving of MIR deep-sea manned underwater submersibles determined the morphological characteristics of the Posolsky Bank and Kukuy Griva elevations suggesting that their elevated parts represent fragments of the once common delta surface of the Selenga River. The current relief of these structures resulted from the joint activity of tectonic and underwater erosive processes. Sediments at the base of the slope of the Kukuy Griva are likely to be no older than 1.8 Ma.

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    Russian Geology and Geophysics
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Russian Geology and ...arrow_drop_down
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      Russian Geology and Geophysics
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  • Authors: M. Vanneste; Brian Carlton; Finn Løvholt; Carl Fredrik Forsberg; +5 Authors

    Summary The Norwegian government will replace many ferry crossings along the coastal highway E39 with bridges or tunnels. Geophysical data from most fjords show ample evidence of repeated slope instabilities, which are a hazard and risk for the foundations of the infrastructure. The fjords are often several km wide, and hundreds of metres deep. In this study, we combined very-high-resolution swath bathymetry and sub-bottom profiling data as well as in situ geotechnical data to investigate the hazard potential of such landslides in Bjornafjorden. We used a 1D slope stability screening study to find suitable anchoring locations. Back-analysis of a well-constrained landslide using a geometry reconstructed from the interpretation of the geophysical data and validated by 2D finite-element slope stability modelling provides key input to constrain the rheological parameters. The results were then used to assess slope stability across the fjord basin, as well as landslide dynamic simulations in quasi-2D and quasi-3D, resulting in flow velocities above 10 m/s and run-out distances of several hundreds of meters. The work concludes with some recommendations for similar investigation and site characterization.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Deruyter, Greet; Vanhaelst, Marc; Stal, Cornelis; Glas, Hanne; +1 Authors

    Although acoustic measurements are a wide-spread technique in the field of bathymetry, most systems require a water depth of at least 2 m. Furthermore, mapping shallow-water depths with acoustic techniques is expensive and complicated. Over the last decades, the use of laser scanning for mapping riverbeds has increased. However, the level of accuracy and the point density which can be obtained by Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), and Airborne Laser Bathymetry (ALB) in particular, are not as high as those of terrain measurements originating from ALS. Moreover, ALS and ALB are not yet suited for mapping shallow-water beds. Therefore, more recent research focuses on the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) from either a fixed or static position (STLS) or from a mobile platform (MTLS). An obvious advantage of using STLS and MTLS is that both the river beds and the river banks can be modelled by means of the same data acquisition system. This ensures a seamless integration of data sets describing both dry and wet surfaces, and thus of topography and bathymetry. However, although STLS and MTLS have the potential to produce high resolution point clouds of shallow-water riverbeds and - banks, the resulting point clouds have to be corrected for the systematic errors in depth and distance that are caused by the refraction of the laser beam at its transition through the boundary of air and water. In this research a procedure was implemented to adjust the coordinates of every point situated beneath the water surface, based on the refractive index. The refractive index depends on the wavelength of the laser beam and the properties of the media the beam travels through. The refractive index for a laser beam with a wavelength of 532 nm varies by less than 1% for a wide range of temperature and salinity conditions. Nevertheless, during the case studies, it became clear that it is important to use an estimate of the refractive index which approaches the actual value as closely as possible in order to obtain accuracies of less than 1 to 2 cm. Therefore, the refractive index was determined for each specific case by using water samples.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ghent University Aca...arrow_drop_down
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    https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem20...
    Conference object . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY SA
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Ghent University Aca...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem20...
      Conference object . 2011 . Peer-reviewed
      License: CC BY SA
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • Authors: Qunyan Ren; Jean-Pierre Hermand;

    As part of ECOAO 13 acoustic fisheries survey off Senegalese coast, geoacoustic measurements were performed by deploying a newly-designed vector sensor array to record the noise field generated by N/O Antea survey ship. This paper describes the application of a particle filter (PF) to estimate sequentially bottom geoacoustic parameters during the ship passage. The PF estimates the parameters by constructing their posterior probability density functions (PDFs) using a set of weighted particles. The PDF embodies all available statistical information and provide a complete solution to the estimation problem, from which the optimal solution and its associated confidence can be derived. In this paper, the acoustical observables are the range-varying amplitudes of vertical impedance at multiple frequencies, as measured from different pairs of array elements and sequentially processed by the PF. The obtained PDFs demonstrate that the PF approach provides performance similar to that of global optimization, suggesting that the bottom can be well described acoustically as a half space of sand sediment. This is in good agreement with a Log-Probit interpretation of sieving data from surface grab samples taken at the same location as the acoustic data. The combination of mobile compact array and particle filtering appears to be well suited for environmental mapping of coastal areas with space-or time-varying bathymetry.

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    Authors: Patrick Martin; Boudewijn Goddeeris; Koen Martens;

    SUMMARY  Microprofiles of oxygen concentration were made in soft sediments of Lake Baikal, along three transects near the Selenga delta. This is the first time the available oxygen in the sediment has been measured in this lake.  The microprofiles had a similar and typical shape (a single exception was possibly caused by bioturbation). A positive correlation was found between the sediment oxygen penetration depth (SOP) and the bathymetric depth of the epilimnion, probably caused by a decrease in oxygen sediment consumption with increasing depth.  The observed SOP values are generally very high, which is an indication of oligotrophy. A single low SOP value, observed in the northern transect, appears to be linked to organic pollution caused by the Selenga River.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Freshwater Biologyarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Freshwater Biology
    Article . 1993 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Freshwater Biologyarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Freshwater Biology
      Article . 1993 . Peer-reviewed
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